Civil litigation entails one party seeking either compensation or the cessation or instigation of an...
Civil litigation entails one party seeking either compensation or the cessation or instigation of an action without any involvement of criminal charges. Knowing more about the differences between civil and criminal litigation will give you a better idea of what types of cases qualify as either.
Civil Litigation Defined
Civil litigation involves a plaintiff and a defendant, where the plaintiff seeks monetary compensation or a certain action from the defendant for damages that the defendant caused to the plaintiff. In many cases, civil litigation entails negotiating a settlement from the defendant or the defendant’s insurers.
Many types of cases fall under the definition of civil lawsuits, including:
- Personal injury, including vehicle accidents, slip and fall accidents, and other causes of injuries
- Product liability
- Medical malpractice
- Real estate issues
- Workers’ compensation
- Disputes between landlords and tenants
- Construction Defect
- Breach of Contract
These cases differ from criminal litigation, which pertains to cases involving criminal penalties and potential convictions. Criminal cases may seek convictions for crimes or misdemeanors along with specific forms of punishment for these criminal acts, including anything from fines to prison time. Some cases may involve both civil and criminal litigation, depending on the circumstances, such as cases where a defendant’s criminal acts result in wrongful death.
Civil cases can also involve many people, including multiple plaintiffs and defendants, such as in class action lawsuits seeking damage from a corporate entity for a large number of harmed plaintiffs.
Civil Litigation Terms and What They Mean
When getting involved in a civil lawsuit, there are many legal terms you may encounter. The following are some of the many civil litigation terms out there and their definitions:
Tort
Civil cases deal with tort law, which applies when one party’s negligence or malicious acts cause injuries and other damages to the Plaintiff.
Liability
This pertains to the legal responsibility for causing harm to another, either through a specific action or inaction. Proving liability is critical in many civil cases, but it’s not a requirement for all of them, such as workers’ compensation cases.
Complaint
To begin a civil lawsuit, one party will need to file a complaint. The complaint includes all relevant details and factual allegations of the case and the type of compensation, action, or cessation of action the plaintiff desires from the defendant.
Cause of Action
This is the explanation that a complaint will detail regarding the reason(s) for filing a civil claim or lawsuit. For example, the cause of action could be a particular form of negligence or other wrongdoing, such as breach of contract, that causes harm or loss to the Plaintiff.
Damages
These refer to the specific types of losses incurred by the Plaintiff resulting from the defendant’s wrongdoing or “cause of action.” These can include economic and non-economic losses, such as medical expenses and pain and suffering resulting from negligence.
Admissible Evidence
This is evidence that Plaintiffs and defendants can legally use to prove their arguments in a civil lawsuit. There are many types of evidence that can come into play in civil cases, including medical records, police reports, communications and much more, depending on the nature of the case and the wrongdoing.
Breach of Contract
This is a claim saying that one party failed to adhere to the terms of a contract, which could be either the plaintiff or defendant in a case.
Breach of Duty
Many civil cases involve a breach of duty of care, which results when someone or an entity fails to take reasonable action to keep other parties safe from harm under certain circumstances. An example of breach of duty could involve a motorist who fails to follow basic traffic laws or blatantly ignores them, causing harm to other drivers or pedestrians. Medical professionals may also engage in a breach of duty of care if they fail to provide proper care to their patients after establishing a doctor-patient relationship.
Civil Litigation Examples
There are various types of civil litigation that can take place, depending on the specific circumstances involved. The following are a few examples of civil lawsuits:
Personal Injury Lawsuits
Civil cases often involve personal injury that one or more parties cause to others. Injuries could result from numerous incidents, including vehicle accidents, pedestrian accidents, slip and fall accidents, animal bites, and others. Plaintiffs in these cases often sue for catastrophic damages that involve debilitating injuries or wrongful death.
In these cases, Plaintiffs would file a claim or suit against liable parties to recover monetary compensation for injuries and related damages resulting from the defendant’s wrongdoing.
Intellectual Property Disputes
Some civil cases could involve disputes around intellectual property (IP). For example, an artist might order a cease and desist from another party for the illegal usage or distribution of his or her copyrighted artwork.
Tenant and Landlord Disputes
Civil cases also frequently involve disputes between landlords and tenants revolving around payments or actions. An example of this could include a tenant suing a landlord in civil court over a wrongful eviction. In this case, the tenant might seek the reversal of the eviction order along with damages stemming from the wrongful eviction. Oftentimes this type of matter would be handled in Justice Court.
Construction Disputes
Civil litigation construction disputes can involve a number of different issues, including breach of contract claims and construction defect cases, for both residential and commercial properties. For residential construction in Nevada, NRS Chapter 40 governs and very strict pre-litigation procedures must be followed so it is important to hire a construction defect attorney with experience.
There are many other potential incidents that could warrant a civil case.
Damages in Civil Lawsuits
There are several potential damages involved in civil cases. These include three main types that could come into play in a claim or lawsuit:
Economic Damages
Economic damages, also known as special damages, refer to financial losses resulting from a defendant’s action or inaction.
There are many potential examples of economic damages in civil cases, such as:
- Medical costs, including those spent on immediate and ongoing care
- Lost income
- Property damage
- Physical therapy and rehabilitation expenses
- Loss of use
- Legal costs
Non-Economic Damages
In addition to economic damages, non-economic damages or general damages may apply to your case. These are any non-financial losses resulting from the defendant’s wrongdoing, including physical pain experienced due to injuries, psychological trauma resulting from the overall experience, and loss of consortium for those who are unable to maintain a romantic relationship with their partners following an incident.
Punitive Damages
Rarely, civil cases result in the court or jury awarding punitive damages, which are separate from compensatory economic and non-economic damages. Only a judge or jury can award these in a trial setting with the goal of punishing defendants for egregious conduct.
How Civil Litigation Works in Reno
If you’re wondering how the legal process works in civil cases, the following are the basic steps in Reno and other locations:
Consulting an Attorney
One of the best steps to take to build a civil case is to consult a civil litigation lawyer with experience handling cases similar to yours. An attorney may be able to represent you throughout your case and help you reach a fair settlement or judgment.
Investigations
When moving forward with a case, the next step would involve your lawyer conducting an investigation into your case to determine liability and collect evidence supporting your case. In some cases, litigation experts will be needed to help prove liability.
Pleadings
Proceeding with your case will involve pleadings, at which point the plaintiff and defendant will file pleadings that explain the details of the case and their arguments.
Once the defendant issues a response to the plaintiff’s pleading, or “complaint,” the case may move forward.
The Discovery Process
With the case ready to begin, the discovery process can start. This step entails both parties gathering as much information and evidence as they can to support their arguments in court, reviewing all documentation, and getting statements from witnesses and expert witnesses, including depositions.
Pre-Trial Process
Before going to court, the pre-trial process will give both sides a chance to negotiate a settlement or agreement. During this process, the case may either settle before going to court or continue into the trial process.
Trial Process
A judge or a jury will hear arguments from both sides of the case and make a decision based on all evidence presented. Sometimes civil cases will still reach a settlement before the trial process ends, effectively ending the case before the judge or jury can reach a verdict.
Understanding Civil Litigation
If you believe that you have a civil case, it’s important to understand what civil litigation is and how it works. With a deeper understanding of what civil cases involve and how they differ from criminal cases, you can determine which type of case to file in a claim or lawsuit against a potential defendant.